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|children = Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, Lalita Prasad, twelve other children |relatives = Narottama Dasa (distant ancestor), Kashiprasad Ghosh (maternal uncle) |guru = Bipin Bihari Goswami, Jagannatha Dasa Babaji |philosophy = ''Vedanta: acintya bheda-abheda'' |honors = Bhaktivinoda, "the seventh goswami" |literary_works = ''Krishna-samhita'', ''Caitanya-siksamrita'', ''Jaiva-dharma'', ''Svalikhita-jivani''. See bibliography |quote = "Many obstacles are a good sign" (from ''Svalikhita-jivani'') |influenced = Gaurakisora Dasa Babaji, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami |module = |footnotes = |signature = Bhaktivinoda signature.svg |signature_alt = Close-up on Bengali words handwritten with angular, jaunty letters }} Bhaktivinoda Thakur (), also written ((ベンガル語:ভক্তিবিনোদ ঠাকুর)) (2 September 1838 – 23 June 1914), born Kedarnath Datta (, ), was a prominent thinker of Bengali Renaissance and a leading philosopher, savant and spiritual reformer of Gaudiya Vaishnavism who effected its resurgence in India in late 19th and early 20th century and was hailed by contemporary scholars as the most influential Gaudiya Vaisnava leader of his time. He is also credited, along with his son Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, with pioneering the propagation of Gaudiya Vaisnavism in the West and its eventual global spread. Kedarnath Datta was born on 2 September 1838 in the village of Birnagar (Bengal) in a traditional Hindu family of wealthy Bengali landlords. After receiving village schooling, Kedarnath continued his education at Hindu College in Calcutta, where he acquainted himself with contemporary Western philosophy and theology. There he became a close associate of prominent literary and intellectual figures of Bengali Renaissance of the time, such as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, and Sisir Kumar Ghosh. At eighteen, Kedarnath commenced a teaching career in rural areas of Bengal and Orissa until he became a employee with the British government in the Judicial Service, from which he retired in 1894 as District Magistrate. In accordance with upper-class Hindu customs, in 1850 at the age of eleven Kedarnath Datta was married. After his wife, Shaymani, gave birth to Kedarnath's first son and soon died of illness, Kedarnath married again and had thirteen children with his second wife, Bhagavati Devi. One of their sons, Bimala Prasad, born in 1874, later became known as Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, a prominent Gaudiya Vaisnava spiritual leader and the founder of the Gaudiya Math. Kedarnath Datta belonged to the ''bhadralok'' community of Bengali intellectual gentry that lived during the Bengal Renaissance and attempted to rationalize their traditional Hindu beliefs and customs. In his youth Kedarnath spent considerable time researching and comparing various religious and philosophical systems, both Indian and Western, with a view of finding among them a comprehensive, authentic and intellectually satisfying path. He tackled the task of reconciling Western reason and traditional belief by dividing religion into the phenomenal and the transcendent, thus successfully accommodating both modern critical analysis and Hindu mysticism in his writings. Kedarnath's spiritual quest finally led him at the age of twenty nine to becoming a follower of Caitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1533). He dedicated himself to a deep study and committed practice of Caitanya's teachings, soon emerging as a reputed leader within the Caitanya Vaishnava movement in Bengal. He edited and published over one hundred books on Vaishnavism, including such major theological treatises as ''Krishna-samhita'' (1880), ''Caitanya-sikshamrita'' (1886) ''Jaiva-dharma'' (1893), ''Tattva-sutra'' (1893), ''Tattva-viveka'' (1893), and ''Hari-nama-cintamani'' (1900). Between 1881 and 1909, Kedarnath also published a monthly journal in Bengali entitled ''Sajjana-toshani'' ("The source of pleasure for devotees"), which he used as the prime means for propagating Caitanya's teachings among the ''bhadralok''. In 1886, in recognition of his prolific theological, philosophical and literary contributions, the local Gaudiya Vaishnava community conferred upon Kedarnath Datta the honorific title Bhaktivinoda. In his later years Bhaktivinoda founded and conducted ''nama-hatta'' – a traveling preaching program that spread theology and practice of Caitanya throughout rural and urban Bengal, by means of discourses, printed materials and Bengali songs of his own composition. Bhaktivinoda also took upon himself the task of opposing what he saw as ''apasampradayas'', or numerous distortions of the original Caitanya teachings. He is also credited with the rediscovery of the lost site of Caitanya's birth in Mayapur near Nabadwip, which he commemorated with a prominent temple. Bhaktivinoda Thakur pioneered the spread of Caitanya's teachings in the West, sending in 1880 copies of his works to Ralph Waldo Emerson in the United States and to Reinhold Rost in Europe. In 1896 another publication of Bhaktivinoda, a book in English entitled ''Srimad-Gaurangalila-Smaranamangala, or Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, His life and Precepts'' was sent to several academics and libraries in Canada, Britain and Australia. The revival of Gaudiya Vaisnavism effected by Bhaktivinoda spawned one of India's most dynamic preaching missions of the early 20th century, the Gaudiya Matha, headed by his son and spiritual heir, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati. Bhaktisiddhanta's disciple A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (1896–1977) continued his ''guru'' Western mission when in 1966 in the United States he founded ISKCON, or the Hare Krishna movement, which then spread Gaudiya Vaisnavism globally. On the request of his son Lalita Prasad, Bhaktivinoda wrote a detailed autobiographical account titled ''Svalikhita-jivani'' that spanned most of his life from his birth in 1838 until retirement in 1894 and was published by Lalita Prasad in 1916, after Bhaktivinoda's demise. Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinoda died in Calcutta on 23 June 1914 at age 75. His remains were interred near Mayapur, West Bengal. ==Bengali renaissance and the ''bhadralok''== Kedarnath's birth in 1838 occurred during the period of the history of Bengal marked by the emergence and rising influence of the ''bhadralok'' community. The ''bhadralok'', literally "gentle or respectable people", was a newly born privileged class of Bengalis, largely Hindus, who served the British administration in occupations requiring Western education, and proficiency in English and other languages. Exposed to and influenced by the Western values of the British, including the latter's often condescending attitude towards cultural and religious traditions of India, the ''bhadralok'' themselves started calling into question and reassessing the tenets of their own religion and customs. Their attempts to rationalize and modernize Hinduism in order to reconcile it with the Western outlook eventually gave rise to a historical period called the Bengali Renaissance, championed by such prominent reformists as Rammohan Roy and Swami Vivekananda. This trend gradually led to a widespread perception, both in India and in the West, of modern Hinduism as being equivalent to Advaita Vedanta, a conception of the divine as devoid of form and individuality that was hailed by its proponents as the "perennial philosophy" and "the mother of religions". As a result, the other schools of Hinduism, including ''bhakti'', were gradually relegated in the minds of the Bengali Hindu middle-class to obscurity, and often seen as a "reactionary and fossilized jumble of empty rituals and idolatrous practices." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bhaktivinoda Thakur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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